Only after passive resilience has been considered should you consider which active systems could meet the drastically reduced energy needs. These are the principles of (nearly) zero energy or zero carbon buildings.  This theme also includes the embodied carbon of materials, i.e. the carbon associated with the extraction, transportation, production, construction, maintenance and end of life processes of the creation of buildings and infrastructure. This embodied carbon will proportionally increase as we reduce the energy use through passive resilience and when needing more materials and products to reduce the energy use. Whole life carbon includes both the embodied carbon and the carbon associated with the sources used to supply the energy for the use of buildings (operational carbon).

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